Assessment of Pathogenic and Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Kunu Sold in Major Markets in Ibadan

Kunu, a traditional non-alcoholic beverage widely consumed in Nigeria, particularly in thesouthwestern region, is produced from a blend of cereals such as millet, maize, guinea corn,and sometimes rice. Its popularity stems from its affordability, rich taste, and perceivednutritional benefits. However, the methods used in its preparation and sale raise significantpublic health concerns, especially regarding microbial contamination. This study wasconducted to evaluate the presence of pathogenic bacteria in Kunu sold across majormarkets in Ibadan and to assess the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of these organisms.Samples were obtained from six major markets (Mokola Market, Ogunpa Market, DugbeMarket, Orita Market, Toll gate market and Sabo market) in Ibadan, Nigeria.Microbiological analyses, biochemical analysis and antibiotic susceptibility testing wasconducted using standard methods. The findings revealed the presence of commonfoodborne pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcusspp. in significant quantities. The consistent observation of hemolysis among the isolatesis an important indicator of their pathogenic potential. Hemolytic activity reflects theability of these bacteria to produce extracellular enzymes and toxins that facilitate tissuedestruction, nutrient acquisition, and evasion of host immune defenses. Many of theisolates demonstrated varying degrees of sensitivity to widely used antibiotics. Theabundance of microbial contaminants found, underscore the urgent need for public healthaction, including vendor education, improved hygiene practices, and stricter regulatoryoversight of locally produced beverages. The study highlights the risk posed to consumersand the broader public health implications of unchecked microbial contamination whichcan lead to community-acquired infections.