Assessment of Pathogenic and Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Kunu Sold in Major Markets in Ibadan

Abstract

Kunu, a traditional non-alcoholic beverage widely consumed in Nigeria, particularly in the
southwestern region, is produced from a blend of cereals such as millet, maize, guinea corn,
and sometimes rice. Its popularity stems from its affordability, rich taste, and perceived
nutritional benefits. However, the methods used in its preparation and sale raise significant
public health concerns, especially regarding microbial contamination. This study was
conducted to evaluate the presence of pathogenic bacteria in Kunu sold across major
markets in Ibadan and to assess the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of these organisms.
Samples were obtained from six major markets (Mokola Market, Ogunpa Market, Dugbe
Market, Orita Market, Toll gate market and Sabo market) in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Microbiological analyses, biochemical analysis and antibiotic susceptibility testing was
conducted using standard methods. The findings revealed the presence of common
foodborne pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus
spp. in significant quantities. The consistent observation of hemolysis among the isolates
is an important indicator of their pathogenic potential. Hemolytic activity reflects the
ability of these bacteria to produce extracellular enzymes and toxins that facilitate tissue
destruction, nutrient acquisition, and evasion of host immune defenses. Many of the
isolates demonstrated varying degrees of sensitivity to widely used antibiotics. The
abundance of microbial contaminants found, underscore the urgent need for public health
action, including vendor education, improved hygiene practices, and stricter regulatory
oversight of locally produced beverages. The study highlights the risk posed to consumers
and the broader public health implications of unchecked microbial contamination which
can lead to community-acquired infections.